Saturday, August 31, 2019
Vulnerability Assessment
The first thing that must be done to protect a home is to conduct a risk assessment to figure out the potential for threat in the designated neighborhood, vulnerability, and the possibility of consequences of risk occurrence. Three tools that are normally addressed when planning security for any home are: 1. What home security and safety risks are the most typical of the neighborhood for which the assessment is working and what would families be more exposed to? 2. How exposed are the neighborhood residents? Have they taken the necessary precautions to prevent a disaster and to deter all threats? 3. How much could be lost if these precautions have been ignored? To answer the first question it is important to discover the types of crimes that have been committed in the neighborhood most recently. By asking fellow neighbors and local police crime prevention officers, statistics on most common crimes and how that particular neighborhood stacks up to others in the rest of the county can be found. Once a list of possible threats has been established, checking the home for vulnerabilities that would leave it susceptible to a crime or an accident would be the next step in the process. After identifying the vulnerability to these potential threats, a vulnerability assessment on a residence may be conducted. A vulnerability assessment of a home as well as a list of countermeasures and their costs’ is what is required next. Focus on the different directions that potential threats may use and the avenues of approach that they will likely take to threaten property or the area surrounding property. There is a neighborhood watch program that is counted on to support additional observation and early warning. The signal for such a warning is slamming metal object to metal object in a series of three to alert the neighbors as a code to indicate direction and threat. You can better observe your surroundings from your roof or second story. Establishing an observation post/listening post (LP/OP) can be an effective way to gain a superior advantage gaining an elevated advantage in addition to limited access for potential attackers. If your LP/OP has a covered and concealed approach and withdrawal route back to your house, then this would be an ideal location looking out for one another. You probably do not want to open your home to too many family or friends in case of disaster or attack because of the supply of food, ammunition, clean water, and toiletries. There are not many avenues of approach that threats can use in order for them to see straight into the neighborhood or directly to the house so the focus of mitigating this risk is centered around the front and back yards. Place your landscaping like boulders, rock, gravel, trees, and vegetation as well as blinds or curtains can limit the amount of visibility that a threat has to see into your home. Loose gravel placed under the windows, broken windows, and doors will make noise and could possibly spook anyone from attempting a break in. There are not any covered or concealed routes for attackers on foot to approach your house undetected from, so if they did not use a frontal assault they would have to jump the fence in the backyard to try to gain entry through the back door. The visibility from all windows downstairs is limited due to the landscape, but the upstairs has one hundred percent visibility 360 degrees around the entire house. Many dead zones (areas that you cannot see) due to the house being in a sub-division, but no brush will have to be cut down. Windows are easily broken, so keep yourself prepared for Hurricanes, tornadoes, other bad storms with ? to ? inch plywood cut for all windows with mounting hardware. The lighting that you have surrounding your house can have many uses. Illuminating the areas of approach to your house can force intruders to look for a softer target, and it can also give you and your neighbors a better opportunity to give a more detailed description to police when they flee. Mounting your lights with easily re-moveable hardware like wing nuts will assist you if you ever have to relocate them to a more vulnerable part of your residence. Ballistic breaching is the act of using a shotgun to remove the deadbolts from doors, making it possible for attackers to breach the security of your home. Think about installing manmade levers that can latch from the bottom of the door to the floor and the top of the door to the ceiling. This creates a major problem for any intruder because it forces them to stay in the fatal funnel for a longer period before entering your home. The fatal funnel is the area most dangerous for anyone trying to breach a room because it is the smallest area of any room. This creates a better opportunity for the homeowner to defend him or herself by being able to fire a weapons system into a smaller area, reducing the risk of missing the target. The ability to defend your home with small arms does not come cheap. Probably the most expensive cost of any home security tool used is the money you will spend, not only on the fire arm itself, but also the ammunition as well. However, being able to shoot from your home is not as near important as it is for your home to withstand small arms fire. Most homes provide terrible cover (protection) from small arms fire. Aside from sand bagging or laying sheet steel on the walls around your windows, any containers that hold dirt would also do. Wargaming†is a term often used by the U. S. Army before every mission they conduct overseas. The best vulnerability assessment would come from you â€Å"wargaming†various situations based on the environment you live in, then develop countermeasures to mitigate the threats and weaknesses you have determined. Again, call it â€Å"wargaming†or whatever you will, but it is an effective way to look at contingencies and resources nee ded to implement better plans and countermeasures.
Friday, August 30, 2019
Related Literature Essay
In order to develop a thorough understanding and deeper insight into previous works and trends that is relevant to the subject, as well as to reach specific goals of the study, the researchers considered a number of references, both foreign and local. These references presented in this chapter were gathered through journals, magazines, books, and other reading materials. It is also includes related foreign and local literature and studies acquired through the internet, past thesis and case studies of the same field and discipline. This provides a background for the discussion to analyze the findings of the present investigations. Foreign Literature For the millions of poor in developing areas of the world, urban areas have always been a means for improving their quality of living and environment, besides getting better jobs and incomes. This, in contrast to deteriorating conditions in the rural areas has generated a considerable flow of migrants to cities. One of the dilemmas that they face and which persists for a long period is the question of an adequate house. The definition of Mason,O. S. & Fraser, C. , (1998)takes the environmental, socio economic and living conditions more into account. They describe informal settlements as: Dense settlements comprising communities housed inself-constructed shelters under conditions of informal or traditional land tenure. They are a common feature of developing countries and are typically the product of an urgent need for shelter by the urban poor. As such they are characterized by a dense proliferation of small, makeshift shelters built from diverse materials (such as plastic, tin sheeting and wooden planks), by degradation of the local ecosystem (for example, erosion and poor water quality and sanitation) and by severe social problems. United Nations Human Settlements Programme (2008) differentiate slum settlement to squatter settlement. The word slum traditionally describes a neighborhood of housing that was once in good condition but since deteriorated or been subdivided into a state of high crowding and rented out to low-income groups. A squatter settlement, on the other hand, is an area of poor quality housing built on illegally occupied land. A third kind of settlement is an irregular subdivision, in which he legal owner subdivides the land into sub-standard plots and sells or rents them out without following all relevant building bylaws. Fernandes, E. 2011) on his report, Informal Settlements are caused by low income, unrealistic urban planning, lack of serviced land, lack of social housing, and a dysfunctional legal system. The settlements develop over time and some have existed for decades, often becoming part of the regular development of the city, and therefore gaining rights, although usually lacking formal titles. Whether they are established on public or private land, they develop irregularly and often d o not have critical public services such as sanitation, resulting in health and environmental hazards.
Thursday, August 29, 2019
Political Philosophy and M.a. Public Administration Essay
I. Greek Political Thought Plato: Justice, Ideal State Aristotle: Theory of the State, Revolutions II. Medieval and Early Modern Political Thought Church and the State: St. Augustine Marsilio of Padua Nicolo Machiavelli: State and Statecraft I. Social Contract Theory Thomas Hobbes: Human Nature, Sovereignty John Locke: Theory of Property, Consent and Government J. J. Rousseau: Popular Sovereignty II. Idealism Immanuel Kant: Ethics and Politics G. W. F. Hegel: State and Civil Society T. H. Green: Theory of Rights. Recommended Books: Sukhbir Singh, History of Political Thought G. H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) John Plamenatz, Man and Society Ernest Barker, The Political Thought of Plato and Aristotle C. B. Macpherson, The Political Theory of Possessive Individualism M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER   II: ADMINISTRATIVE THEORY (Classical). Unit I. a). Introduction: Public Administration   Meaning, Scope and Significance. b). Woodrow Wilson: Politics and Administration dichotomy. Unit II. a). Henri Fayol: Functionalism b). F. W. Taylor: Scientific Management Theory Unit III: a). Luther Gulick and Lyndal Urwick: Administrative Management Theory. b). Max Weber : Bureaucratic Model. Unit IV: a). Mary Parker Follet: Conflict Resolution b). Chester Barnard: Neo Classical Model Readings: 1. Prasad R and Others(eds)    : Administrative Thinkers, (Telugu / English) nd 2 Edition, Sterling, New Delhi. 2. S. P. Naidu                              : Public Administration: Theories and Concepts, New Age International Publications, Hyderabad, 1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & Pradeep Sachdeva                              : Administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, New Delhi, 1999. 4. Fred Luthans                          : Organisational Behaviour. Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – I (Common for both  M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER III: INDIAN CONSTITUTION UNIT  I :    (a) Making of the Indian Constitution – Basic Foundations of Indian Constitution (b) Salient Features  of Indian Constitution UNIT II :  (a)  Fundamental Rights and Directive Principles of State Policy (b) Centre  State Relations UNIT III :  (a)  Union Government – Parliament, President, Prime Minister and Cabinet (b) Supreme Court and Judicial Review. UNIT IV : (a)  Provisions for the Welfare of Weaker Sections (b) Reviewing of the Constitution – Sarkaria  Commission and Constitutional Review Commission Reference Books: 1. Granville Austin   The Indian Constitution – Corner Stone of the Nation 2. D. D. Basu   Introduction to the Constitution of India 3. Morris Jones, W. H.   The Government and Politics of India 4. Kothari, R   Politics in India 5. V. D. Mahajan   Indian Constitution 6. J. C. Johari   Indian Constitution M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER IV:  GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS IN ANDHRA PRADESH UNIT I: a). Approaches to the Study of State Government and Politics. b). Political History of the State Formation of Andhra Pradesh. UNIT II: a) Constitutional Structures b) Political Parties UNIT III: a). Sub Regional Movements: Separate Telangana Movement and Jai And hara Movement. b). Peasant Movements: Telangana Armed Struggle and Naxalite Movement. UNIT IV: a). Public Sector and Politics of Subsidy b). Liberalization. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Myron Weiner (ed. ) 2. Iqbal Narain 3. Reddy & Sharma(eds. ) 4. V. Hanumantha Rao 5. K. V. Narayana Rao 6. Sri Prakash 7. S. C. Kashyap 8. Ashok Sen 9. Babulal Fadia 10. B. A. V. Sharma 11. Barry Pavier 12. G. Ram Reddy State Politics in India.   State Politics in India.  State Government & Politics in A. P. .   Party Politics in Andhra Pradesh.   Emergence of Andhra Pradesh.   State Governors in India.   Politics of Defections: A Study of State Politics in India.   Role of Governors in the Emerging Patterns of Center State Relations in India.   State Politics in India.   Political Economy of India.   Telangana Movement 1944 51.  Panchayati Raj and Rural Development in A. P M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the  academic year 2002 03) PAPER V a (OPTIONAL): POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS AND IDEAS IN ANCIENT INDIA UNIT   I: Political Ideas in the early period a) Samhitas and Brahmanas b) Principal Upanishads. UNIT  II: Political ideas in Dharmasastras a) Apatstambha, Yagnovalkya and Manu. b) Mahabharata. UNIT III: Political Ideas in Anti   Vedic Literature. a) Early Buddhist Literature. b) Early Jain Literature. UNIT IV: Technical Works on Polity. a) Predecessors of Kautilya. b) Kautilya’s Arthasastra. BOOOKS REOMMENDED: 1. Cambridge History of India, vol. I. 2. Ghoshal 3. Jayaswal 4. Rangaswami Aiyanagar 5. Bandopadhyaya 6. Kane, P. V. 7. D. Machenzie Brown 8. Spellman 9. Altaker, A. S. 10. Saletore, B. A. History of Hindu Political Theory   Hindu Polity   Rajadharma   Development of Hindu Political Theories  History of Dharma Sastra, Vol. III   The White Umbrella   The Political Theory of Ancient India   State and Government in Ancient India   Ancient Indian Political Thought and Institutions M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration Students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) PAPER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND POLITICS Unit   I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i) Political Phil ii) osophers on Women: Plato, Aristotle Rousseau, J. S. Mill and Karl Marx iii) Liberal and Radical Approaches iv) Mary Woolstone Craft and Simon de Beauvoir WOMEN AND THE INDIAN STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women   1975 iii) National Policies on Women WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral Participation   Trends   National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India   Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION  THE EXPERIENCE OF PANCHAYATI RAJ i) The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Lessons from the Experience. Unit   II: Unit   III: Unit   IV: READING LIST: 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Charvet John, Feminism   Modern Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985 . Agnew Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. Susheela Kaushik, (ed. ), Women’s Participation in Politics. Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory. Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982. Government of India, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare: Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9. Geraldine Forbes: Women in Modern India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10. Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power. 11. Issues of Panchayati Raj   Update  Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. OLD M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE AND M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   I (Common for both M. A. Political Science and M. A. Public Administration Students with effect from the academic year 2006 07) PAPER V b (OPTIONAL): WOMEN AND POLITICS Unit   I: THEORITICAL APPROACHES i)         Ancient Political Philosophers on Women – Plato, Aristotle Rousseau. ii) Modern Liberal Thinkers:  Mary Woostonecraft, J. S. Mill iii) Radial thinkers – Karl Marx and Angels, Simon de Beauboir, Kate Millet. WOMEN AND THE INDIAN STATE i) Indian Constitution and Women ii) Committee on the Status of Women   1975 iii) National Policies on Women – 1988 and 2001. WOMEN AND POLITICAL PARTICIPATION i) Women and Nationalist Movement ii) Women’s Electoral Participation   Trends   National and State iii) Women’s Movement in India   Perspectives and Strategies RESERVATION  THE EXPERIENCE IN LOCAL GOVERNMENT i)The Debate on Women’s Reservation rd th ii) 73 and 74 Constitutional Amendments iii) Women’s Political participation – problems and prospects. Unit   II: Unit   III: Unit   IV: READING LIST: 1. Charvet John, Feminism   Modern Ideologies Series, J. M. Devt & Sons London, 1982 2     Eva Figes, Patriarchal Attitudes Women in Society, New Delhi: Macmillan, 1985. 3     Agnew Vijay, Elite Women in Indian Politics, Vikas, New Delhi, 1979. 4     Susheela Kaushik, (ed. ), Women’s Participation in Politics. 5     Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory. 6     Simon de Beauvoir, The Second Sex. 7     Vicky Randall : Women and Politics, Macmillan, London, 1982. 8    Government of India, Ministry of Education and Social Welfare: Towards Equality: Report of the Committee on the Status of Women, New Delhi, 1974. 9 Geraldine Forbes: Women in Modern India, New Delhi, Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10 Veena Mazumdar (ed. ) , Symbols of Power. 11. Issues of Panchayati Raj   UPDATE  Institute of Social Sciences, New Delhi. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER – III (FROM THE ACADEMIC YEAR 2003 – 2004) PAPER – I COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION UNIT I: COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION – HISTORY AND CONCEPT 1. Evolution of Comparative Public Administration – Comparative Administration Group (CAG) 2. Definition, Scope and Importance of Comparative Public Administration 3. Comparative Elements in Earlier Administrative Theory. UNIT  II   ? MODELS IN COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION 1. Bureaucratic Model 2. Ecological Model 3. Administrative Systems Model UNIT  III  : COMPARATIVE ADMINISTRATIVE SYSTEMS        . 1. Administrative Systems of Developed Nations : USA and UK 2. Administrative Systems of Developing Countries 3. Administrative Systems of Communist States UNIT – IV  :  COMPARATIVE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION : RECENT TRENDS 1. International Administration 2. Global Public Administration 3. Comparative Public Administration: Decline and Revival. Reference Books: Ferrel Heady : Public Administration : A Comparative Perspective R. K. Arora : Comparative Public Administration : An Ecological Perspective Viswanathan : Comparative Public Administration T. N. Chaturvedi and V. P. Verma (eds. ) : Comparative Public Administration Ali Farazmand : Handbook of Comparative and Development Administration Jean Claude Gareia Zamor and Renu Khator:  Public Administration in the Global Village 7. C. V. Raghavulu and M. Bapuji : Tulanatmaka Prabhutva Palana, Telugu Academy (in Telugu) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER  II:  PUBLIC PERSONNEL ADMINISTRATION. Unit  I: 1. Introduction to Public Personnel Administration:  Meaning, Definition Scope and Significance. 2. Public Service: Concept and Role in Modern State. Unit  II: 1. Recruitment:  Recruitment and Selection Process, Recruitment Policy, Recruitment Methods, Induction and Placement. 2. Classification:  Classification of Services:  Role Classification and Position Classification. Unit  III: 1. Man Power Planning/Human Resource Planning: Meaning Importance, Supply and Demand Forecast. 2. Career Planning:  Meaning and Process, Job Enrichment and Capacity Building. Unit  IV: 1. Pay and Service Conditions:  Pay Principles, Pay Determination And Pay Commissions. 2. Discipline:  Conduct, Discipline and Supeannuation. Reference Books: 1. Glenn O. Sthal               :   Public Personnel Administration 2. Felix A. Nigro                 :   Public Personnel Administration 3. Pfiffner and Presthus     :   Public Administration 4. S. R. Maheswari             :   Indian Administration 5. Avasthi and Maheswari :   Public Administration 6. Ramesh K. Arora and Rajni Goyal  :  Indian Public Administration 7. Report of Administrative Reforms Commission on Personnel Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER   III: INDIAN ADMINISTRATION Unit   I: a). The legacy of Indian Administration   Evolution   Kautilya   Moghal period   British period and Constitutional Framework. b) . Structure of Indian Administration : Prime Minister’s role   Central Secretariat  Cabinet Secretariat  PMO c). All India services   UPSC Unit  II:  State Administration a). State Secretarial : Chief Secretary  State Services. b). Role of District Collector. c). Planning Machinery at the State level   District Planning. Unit  III: Issues of Indian Bureaucracy a). Political Executive and Bureaucracy b). Indian Bureaucracy: A case for representatives. c). The Generalist and the Specialist in Indian Administration. Unit IV: a). Administration of Planning: Planning Commission and National Development council. b). Centre  State Administrative Relations. c). People’s Participation in Grassroots Development   Janma Bhoomi   Micro Planning. Unit V: a). Citizen  Administration   Redressal of Citizens’ Grievances   Lokpal and Lokayukta in Andhra Pradesh. b). Corruption in Indian Public Life   Role of Central Vigilance Commission. c). Administrative Reforms and innovations in India. Readings: 1. Ramesh k. Arora and Rajni Goyal : Indian Public Administration, Wishwa Prakashan, New Delhi, 1995. 2. Hoshiar Singh and Mohinder singh: Public Administration in India, Sterling, New Delhi, 1995. 3. Hoshiar Singh : Indian Administration 4. R. B. Jain : Contemporary issues in Indian Administration, Vishal, Delhi, 1976. 5. Haridwar Rai and S. P. Singh : Current Ideas and issues in Public Administration, th 6. S. R. Maheswari : Indian Administration (5 Edition) 7. J. C. Johari : Indian Political System. 8. Hariharadas : Political System of India. Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – IV  PANCHAYATI RAJ IN INDIA UNIT – I  :  INTRODUCTION 1. Definition, Scope and Importance of Local   Self Government. 2. History of Rural Local – Self Government in India – Ancient, Medieval and British Periods. UNIT – II  :  PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM – NATIONAL PERSPECTIVE rd Genesis and Development of Panchayati Raj – Significance of 73 Constitutional  Amendment Act 2. Board Pattern of Panchayati Raj System – Structure and Function 1. UNIT – III :   PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM IN ANDHRA PRADESH 1. Important  Features of the A. P. Panchayati Raj Act of 1994. 2. Functioning of Panchayati Raj Institutions. UNIT – IV :   PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM: IMPORTANT AREAS 1. Panchayati Raj Finances – Role of State Finance Commission 2. Panchayati Raj – State Relations Reference Books: 1. S. R. Maheswari              :   Local Government in India 2. G. Ram Reddy               :    Patterns of Pancharati Raj. 3. B. S. Khanna                  :    Panchayati Raj in India 4. M. Bapuji :   Tulanaatmaka Sthaanika Prabhutwalu (Comparative Local Governments) in Telugu, Telugu M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – V. a (Optional) POLICE ADMINISTRATION UNIT – I  :  INTRODUCTION 1. Nature and Importance Police Administration 2. Origin and Growth of Police Administration  in India 3. Police Administration in Andhra Pradesh: Salient Features. UNIT   11 :   STRUCTURE OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Police Administration at Central Level 2. Police Administration at State and District Levels 3. Police Administration at Cutting Edge. UNIT – III :   HUMAN RESOURCE ASPECTS OF POLICE ADMINISTRATION 1. Recruitment and Training 2. Morale and Motivation 3. Police   Code of Conduct and Disciplinary Rules. UNIT – IV :   SOME IMPORTANT ISSUES 1. Public – Police Relations 2. Reforms in Police Administration 3. Police and Trade Union Rights Reference Books: 1. R. K. Bhardwaj      :  Indian Police Administration 2. Girija Shah             :  Modern Police Administration 3. S. Sen                      :  Police in Democratic State 4. J. Singh                   :  Inside Indian Police 5. Favrean, Donald and Gillespic, Joseph E. , Modern Police Administration M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SEMESTER   III (From the academic year 2003 – 2004) PAPER – V. b(Optional) SOCIAL WELFARE  ADMINISTRATION UNIT – 1 :  INTRODUCTION 1. Concepts of Welfare and Social Welfare 2. Meaning, Scope and Importance of Social Welfare Administration UNIT – II :  SOCIAL WELFARE ADMINISTRATION IN INDIA 1. Social Welfare  Policies of Government of India 2. Structure of Social Welfare Administration at the Centre, State and District levels UNIT – III :  WELFARE SCHEMES AND PROGRAMMES CONCERNING 1. Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes 2. Women and Children UNIT – IV :   AGENCIES OF SOCIAL WELFARE 1. Governmental Agencies 2. Non Governmental Agencies. Reference Books: 1. T. S. Simey :    Principles of Social Administration 2. Paul D. Chowdury :   Social Welfare Administration in India 3. F. W. Reid :    Social Welfare Administration 4. Walter A. Forieldlander :  Introduction to Social Welfare. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – I  COMPARATIVE  POLITICS UNIT. I :  INTRODUCTION 1. Meaning, Nature and Scope of Comparative Politics 2. Growth of the Study of Comparative Politics 3. Major Approaches to Comparative Politics UNIT. II :   POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND POLITICAL DEPENDENCY 1. Concept of Development Syndrome – Lucian Pye 2. Centre Periphery – Third World Perspective 3. Origin and Relevance of Dependency Theory UNIT. III :  POLITICAL IDEOLOGY AND PARTY SYSTEMS 1. Political Ideology: Meaning, Nature and General Characteristics 2. Ideologies of Liberalism, Fascism and Marxism 3. Nature, Functions and Typology of Party Systems UNIT. IV :  CONSTITUTINALISM 1. Meaning and Development of the Term 2. Constitutionalism in the West – England, France and America 3. Problems and Prospects of Constitutionalism in Developing Countries Reading List: 1. Gabriel Almond and Bingham Powell   :  Comparative Politics: A Development Approach 2. Lucian Pye :   Aspects of Political Development 3. J. C. Johari                                              :   Comparative Politics 4. Howard, J. Wiarda                                 :    New Directions in Comparative Politics 5. Mortan R. Davies & Vaugham A. Lewis:    Models of Political System 6. S. N. RayÂ Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â Â à ‚                         :    Modern Comparative Politics 7. Gwendolen Carter & John H. Herz        :    Government and Politics in the Twentieth Century 8. Samuel, H. Beer                                      :    Modern Political Development M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – II APPROACHES AND THEORY IN INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS UNIT. I :     a)   Introduction :  The Nature of International Relations b)  Normative Approaches,  Structuralism and Neo Realism UNIT. II :    a)   Power, Influence and Authority, Realistic Theory b) Decision – Making Analysis UNIT. III :    a) Systems Approach b) Commun ication Theory UNIT . IV :   a)  Integration Theory, Marxist Perspective b) Peace Research Reference Books: 1. Bull H : International Theory: The Case for Classical Approach, World Politics 2. Knorr, K,, & Rosenau, J. N. :   Contending Approaches to International Politics 3. Clude, I. :   Power and International Relations 4. Herz, J. H. :   International Politics in Atomic Age 5. Kaplan, M. :   System and Process in International Politics 5. Trevor Taylor(ed. )                         :   Approaches and Theory in International Relations 6. Margot Light and A. J. R. Groom :  International Relations – A Handbook of Current Theory M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER III: MODERN POLITICAL THEORY Introductory The Nature of Political Theory Influence of Positivism on Political Theory Empirical Political Theory Perspectives on the Modern State: Liberal and Marxist Central Concepts Related to the Modern State Legitimacy: Legitimation Crisis of the Modern State Rights: Natural Rights, Welfare Rights Liberty: Negative and Positive Liberty? Marxian Notion of Liberty Justice: Different Conceptions New Directions Post Modernism: Michel Foucault on Power Feminist Perspectives on Patriarchy and Power Communitarianism Issues and Ideas in Contemporary Political Theory End of History: Francis Fukuyama Clash of Civilizations: Samuel Huntington Third Way: Anthony Giddens Post Liberalism: John Gray Recommended Books: S. P. Varma, Modern Political Theory Madan G. Gandhi, Modern Political Theory J. C. Johari, Contemporary Political Theory III. David Miller, Social Justice Robert Dahl, Modern Political Analysis N. Barry, An Introduction to Modern Political Theory Michael Freeden, Rights Zygmunt Bauman, Freedom David Held, Political Theory and the Modern State Andrew Vincent, Theories of the State Vidhu Varma, Justice, Equality and Community: An Essay in Marxist Theory Michel Foucault, Power/Knowledge Diana Coole, Women in Political Theory Francis Fukuyama, The End of History and the Last Man Samuel J. Huntington, The Clash of Civilizations and the Remaking of World Order Anthony Giddens, The Third Way John Gray, Post liberalism: Studies in Political Thought M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – IV: MODERN INDIAN POLITICAL THOUGHT UNIT – 1 :  Foundations  of Modern Indian Political Thought 1. Rammohan Roy 2. Dayananda Saraswati 3. Bala Gangadhara Tilak UNIT – II :  Gandhian Thought 1. Non  Violence and Satyagraha 2. Relationship between Means and Ends. 3. Concept of State and Government. UNIT   III :   Socialist and Humanist Thought 1. Ram Manohar Lohia 2. Jawaharlal Nehru 3. M. N. Roy UNIT  IV :  Problem of Minorities and Backward Social Groups 1. M. A. Jinnah 2. Dr. B. R. Ambedkar, General Readings: 1. Sankar Ghose , Modern Indian Political Thought 2. O. P. Goyal? Studies in Modern Indian Political Thought 3. G. N. Sarma and Moin Shakir, Politics and Society:  Ram Mohan Roy to Nehru 4. V. P. Varma, Modern Indian Political Thought Recommended Readings: th 1. A. Appadorai, Indian Political Thinking in the 20 Century from Naoroji to Nehru 2. O. P. Goyal, Contemporary Indian Political Thought 3. A. M. Zaidi, Encylopaedia of Indian National Congress (Students should refer relevant sections in  different Volumes) 4. Bipin Chandra, Nationalism and Colonialism in Modern India 5. A. R. Desai, Social Backward of Indian Nationalism 6. Thomas Pantham and Deutsch, Modern Political Thought in India 7. K. P. Karunakaran, Democracy in India M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – V. a (Optional): DIPLOMACY UNIT  I : 1. The Nature and Origins of Modern Diplomacy. 2. The Development of Diplomatic Theory UNIT  II : 1. The Transition from Old Diplomacy to New Diplomacy 2. Democratic Diplomacy UNIT  III : 1. Recent Changes in Diplomatic Practice 2. Points of Diplomatic Procedure UNIT  IV : 1. Propaganda and Diplomacy 2. Diplomacy in the UN Reference Books: 1. Bailey, Sydney B. :   The General Assembly of the United Nations, Stevens 2. Bowles, Chester. :   Ambassador’s Report, NY, Haper 3. Briggs, Hebert W. :   The Law of Nations, NY, Appleton Century Crofts 4. Carr, E. H. :    The Twenty Years of Crisis, London, Macmillan 5. Huddleston Sisley        :    Popular Diplomacy and War, Peterborough 6. Krishna Murthy, G. V. G:   Dynamics of Diplomacy, National Publishing House, New Delhi 7. Nicolson Harold          :     Diplomacy, London, Oxford University Press 8. Plischke, Elmer           :     Summit Diplomacy, Maryland 9. Satow Sir Ernest         :     A Guide to Diplomatic Practice, Longmans M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE SEMESTER – III (From the academic year 2003 04) PAPER – V b (Optional): POLITICAL ECONOMY UNIT  I: Theories of Political Economy? a) Classical Political Economy   Adam Smith and David   Ricardo. b) Marxian Political Economy. UNIT   II: a) Theories of Underdevelopment  A. G. Frank, Samir Amin. b) Liberalization and its Implications for National Economies. UNIT  III: a) Impact of Colonial Rule on Indian Economy. b) Indian Economy: Important Features. UNIT IV: a) State Directed Economy. b) Structural Adjustment. BOOKS RECOMMENDED: 1. Koxlou, G. A. 2. Afanasye, L. 3. Bardan, Pranab 4. Howard, M. C. 5. Bagchi, A. K. 6. Frankel & Frankel 7. Amartya Sen 8. Robert Lucas and Gustav Planack 9. Ranjit Sau 10. C. T. Kurein 11. D. J. Byres 12. Micheal Clossudosky 13. Partha Chatterje 14. B. A. V. Sharma   Political Economy of Socialism   Political Economy of Capitalism   Political Economy of Development in India   Political Economy of Marx   Political Economy of Under Development.   Political Economy of India, 1947 77.   Commodities and Capabilities.   Indian Economy: Recent Developments and Future Prospect.   Indian Economic Development.   Globalisation and Indian Economy.   The State Development Planning and Liberalisation in India.   The Globalisation of Poverty.   State and Politics in India.   Political Economy of India. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – II : Western Political Thought – II. 1. Liberalism Adam Smith: Political Economy Jeremy Benthan: Principle of Utility J. S. Mill:Liberty, Representative Government 2. Contemporary  Liberalism F. A. Hayek on Liberty Robert Nozick: Minimal State John Rawis: Theory of Justice 3. Socialism Early Socialists: Saint Simon and Robert Owen Marl Marx: Critique of Capitalism, Revolution Antonio Gramsci: Civil Society and Hegemony 4. Revisions to Socialism Revisions to Marxism: Eduard Bemstein Critical theory: Herbert Marcuse Post Marxism: Emesto Laclau Recent Trends in Socialist Theory. Recommended Books: Sukhabir Singh, History of Political Thought G. H. Sabine, A History of Political Theory Anthony Crespigny and Kenneth Minlgue, Contemporary Political Philosophers Bhiku Parekh, Contemporary Political Thinkers V. Krishna Rao, Paschatya Rajaniti Tatvavicharamu (in Telugu) Robert Nozick, Anarchy, State and Utopia John Gray, Liberalism Bernard Crick, Socialism David Held, An Introduction to Critical Theory Roger Simon, Gramsd’s Political Thought: An Introduction Emesto Laciau, Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time David Muller, Market, Sate and Community G. A. Cohen,†Is There Still a Case for Socialism†M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – II : Contemporary Administrative Theory Unit   I. a) Elton Mayo: Human Relations Theory b) Herbert A Simon: Decision Making Theory a) Motivation Theory: Abraham Maslow – Hierarchy of Needs b) Frederck Herzberg: Motivation _ Hygiene Theory a) Douglas McGregor: Theory ‘X’ and Theory ‘Y’ b) Chris Argynis: Integration Between the individual and the organization. Unit – II. Unit III. Unit IV. a) Rensis Likert: Management Systems b) Theories of Leadership – Michigan Studies, Chio State Leadership Studies, Group Dynamics, Managerial Grid and Contingency Model. Unit   V. a) Policy Analysis: Yehzkel Dror. b) New Public Administration: Minnobrook Perspective. Readings: 1. Prasad R and Others (ed) 2. S. P. Naidu : Administrative Thinkers(Telugu / English) : Public Administration: Theories and Concepts. New Age International Publications, Hyd,1996. 3. Hoshiar Singh & Pradeep : Administrative Theory, Kitab Mahal, Sachdeva. New Delhi,1999. 4. Fred Luthans : Organizational Behavior 5. Likert R. , : New Patterns of Management 6. Argyris C. : Personality and Organization 7. Prank Marini : New Public Administration.  · Students are required to consult relevant articles from journals relating to public administration especially the Indian Journal of Public Administration. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper – III : Public Policy Unit   I. a) Public Policy: Meaning, Nature, Scope and Importance. b) The Pioneers:Harold D. Lasswell and Yehezkel Dror. Policy Formulation: Some Models a) Systems Model b) Group Model c) Elite Model Theories of Decision – Making: a) Rational Comprehensive Theory b) Incremental Theory c) Mixed – Scanning Unit   II. Unit –III. Unit IV. Unit – V. Evaluation of Public Policies Public Policies in India: a) Industrial Policy b) Agrarian Policy Recommended Text Books: 1. Anderson, James E. : Public Policy making 2. Dye, Thomas R: Under Standing Public Policy 3. Yehzakel Dror: Ventures in Policy Sciences: Concepts and Applications. 4. Dutt and Sundaram: Indian Economy Recommended Reference Books: 1. Laswell,Harold. D. : Policy Sciences, International Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences. 2. Dye, Thomas R. : Policy Analysis 3. Ira Sharankasy (ed. ) : Policy Analysis in Political Science 4. Charles E. Lindblom : The Policy making process 5. Daniel Lernor and H. D. Lasswell : The Poplicy Sciences: Recent Development in Scope and Method 6. Di Nitto, Diana M, and Dye, Thomas R :Social Welfare: Politics and Public Policy 7. Francis Ankle : India’s Political Economy 1947 77: The Gradual Revolution. 8. Jag Mohan (ed. ) : 25 years of Indian Independence 9. M. Kistaiah : Public Policy and Administration 10. Srimal Mohan Lal : Land Reforms in India Promise and performance. 11. Raja Purohit A. R. (ed. ) : Land Reforms in India 12. Sharma, B. A. V. (ed. ) : Political Economy of India: A Study of Land Reforms. 13. Vijay Joshi an IMD Little : India’s Economic Reforms 1991 2001 14. Dreze Jeep and Amarty Sen (eds. ) : The Political Economy of Hunger. 15. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION. Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper IV. Research Methodology Unit   I. :Social Research and Methods 1. Traditional Methods 2. Scientific Method 3. Importance of Social Research : Theory Formation 1. Theory 2. Facts and Values 3. Concept Formation Unit – II. Unit III. Hypothesis and Research Design 1. formation of Hypothesis 2. Testing of Hypothesis 3. Research Design Unit – IV. Collection and Analysis of Data and Report Writing 1. Sampling, Observation, Interview and Questionnaire 2. Analysis of Data 3. Report Writing Reading List: 1. W. J. Goode & P. K. Hatt: Methods of Social Research 2. Wilkinson & Bhandarkar: Methodology and Techniques of Social Research 3. Pauline Young: Scientific Social Surveys. M. A. POLITICAL SCIENCE & M. A. PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION Semester – II (Common for both M. A. Political Science & M. A. Public Administration students with effect from the academic year 2002 03) Paper III. Indian Political Process Unit  I . : 1. Indian Polity: Theoretical Framework 2. Socip – Political Legacies : Hindu, British and Gandhian : 1.
Wednesday, August 28, 2019
ArticleAbstract Assignments 10 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words
ArticleAbstract Assignments 10 - Essay Example It also follows that there is a strong correlation between the consumer demands and the presence of star players (Timothy 2007). The study builds on past research that assists in developing strategies aimed at improving marketing strategies. The analysis of game specific attendance and contrasting it to the annual average attendance facilitates the development of these strategies. Furthermore, the study complements the body of knowledge by recognizing past research on star players and extending the findings of these studies to the Major Soccer League. Timothy (2007) provides that despite the contribution of the study, it is noteworthy that the study only aimed at the short term, effects of Freddy Adu’s presence but made no attempts to study the long term results of the presence of the star in the league. The results for the short term do not reflect the actual position since the data reflect on the outcome during the early stages of the entry of the superstar. It is noteworthy that these effects might gradually fade off and make no difference in the outcome in the long
Film Critique Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words
Film Critique - Movie Review Example According to Buhler, et al (2009), full understanding of a drama or a movie calls for analysis of different aspect of the movie. Important analytical areas include a story set-up, use of different literature devices, character and characterization, and symbolic meaning of a story among others. This paper, in effect, analyzes the Wuthering Heights (1939) Film. Background Information Wuthering Heights is a film that reveals how individual’s choices and characters determine various happenings in a person’s life. The film is directed by William Wyler and produced by Samuel Goldwyn. The movie is romantic play that presents two confronting personalities, which are love and hatred. The film is based on an Emily Bronte’s novel, Wuthering Heights, which is also a romantic literature. It, however, depicts only 16 chapters out of 34 chapters of the novel. The romantic play revolves around two main characters, Catherine Earnshaw (Sarita Wooten) and Heathcliff (Laurence Olive r), whose love and affection for one another gradually increases since childhood (Hardy et al, scene 2 2009). The two characters, however, have a staggering relationship because of differences in their social status. Cathy is born in a wealthy family, whereas Heathcliff is a poor stable boy who is pessimistic about his acceptance in a society. Plot Summary and Storytelling The film unfolds in a flashback. The story is narrated by a housekeeper, Ellen Dean, to a stranger Lockwood (Miles Mander) (Sharma, 2010). The house-lady recounts the story to Mr. Lockwood, who takes a shelter at the Wuthering Heights estates. The curtains open by showing a comfortable life Mr. Earnshaw (Cecil Kellaway), a farmer, has with his children, Hindley (Douglas Scott) and Cathy a friendly farmer. The film producer portrays Mr. Earnshaw as a friendly farmer who interacts freely with his family and other people. Being a generous and congenial gentleman, the farmer rescues a street child, Heathcliff. The kid is loved by all members of the Earnshaw’s family except Hindley. The street boy and Cathy soon become intimate friends, a behavior that does not please Hindley. After the demise of Mr. Earnshaw, Hindley expresses his cruel enmity towards Heathcliff and stops him from marrying his sister. Heathcliff gets angry and leaves his â€Å"family.†When the street boy comes back, he finds that Cathy is married to Edgar Linton (David Niven), a rich neighbor (Sharma, 2010). Acting The drama involves many characters, each of whom contributes to plot development and theme illustration. Individual contributions, however, vary from one character to another depending on roles played in the film. According to Bloom (2000), characters in the movie are categorized as active and passive actors. Active actors, whom the story revolves around, are Heathcliff and Cathy. Heathcliff is portrayed as an important actor who, despite his poor background, significantly assists in plot development. B y incorporating the street boy in the Earnshaw’s family the theme of love and selfishness is revealed. The street kid also reveals how certain individual’s have good characters despite being in a society rotten with evil things. The actor, moreover, discloses the theme of revenge and several stylistic devices such as irony. Even though he has a low societal status, he is able to cause
Tuesday, August 27, 2019
Reflection on the Development and Application of a Fundamental Nursing Essay - 1
Reflection on the Development and Application of a Fundamental Nursing Skill in Nursing Practice - Essay Example While Scoliosis is the curving of the spine away from the midline, hence goes sideways (Burtner, et al., 1999, pp.748-57). Spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy patients and the feeding process I realized that patients with health conditions such as James have difficulties when it comes to feeding since he has problems with personal control and swallowing of food and drinks. For that purpose, keen nursing care needed to be given to ensure that the patient feeds and drinks well and is not suffocated in the process as fluid or food particles are likely to accidently sucked into the lungs. The swallowing process is governed by the swallowing centre in the medulla, and in the mid-oesophagus and distal oesophagus by largely autonomous peristaltic reflex that are coordinated by the enteric nervous system. If in the process of swallowing respiration does not stop, fluids and other food particles may enter the lungs causing suffocation (WGO, 2007). During the entire period and specifically dur ing the above mentioned event, other experienced care assistants were available to guide me through the process besides the mentor whom I had been assigned to. The purpose of being at this care home was to learn and improve on my skills of handling people with mental disability and James proved to be the best person to observe and learn from and thus fit a case study description. In the process of fluid feeding, it was important that I have a personal beaker that was dedicated to this activity and for this patient. His beaker was blue with small holes and a spout. Dysphagia may occur in two primary forms and these include Oropharyngeal Dysphagia where patients have a problem initiating a swallow as... The researcher talks about his five week program at a learning disability care home situated on the northwest of England. It was quite an experience and worked as an eye opener in my nursing career. At the time of his placement and throughout the period, the author of the paper happened to observe and took part in a program aimed at feeding the residents within the learning disability care home. In this program, the researcher focused mainly on a resident called James (real name withheld for confidentiality reasons) the NMC Code of conduct require nurses to respect patient confidentiality at all times. In this work the researcher will be using the Gibbs reflective cycle 1998 to guide him in writing and reflecting his thoughts and feelings about his experience. The Gibbs reflective cycle consists of six stages of and helps leaners reflect on what they have learnt or experiences they have gone through. This patient has a medical history of spastic quadriplegic cerebral palsy; he suffer s from epilepsy and also scoliosis. As a result of his health condition, James has developed dysphagia- the difficulty someone may have in initiating a wallow or the sensation that foods or liquids are somehow hindered in their passage from mouth to stomach- and for that reason he has to eat and drink in a way that does not harm him and relies on nursing assistance. The author of this article tells that his experience while working at the disability care home exposed him to various issues that are considered in the management of patients with cerebral palsy.
Monday, August 26, 2019
India's global success in the film industry Essay
India's global success in the film industry - Essay Example Cinema is a major industry in India. A film industry uses many technological and commercial institutions of film making. A Cinema or a film industry depicts the culture and the art of a country in the movie that it usually make, the Indian film industry is famous for its distinguished melodrama style of film making. The Indian film industry is multi lingual. The main language used in the films of India is either Hindi or Urdu, besides these languages there are other languages such as Punjabi, Marathi, Bengali, etc that are used to present film and they target their respective language speakers. The Indian film industry in famously known as †Bollywood†, this name is an amalgamation of Bombay (the previous name used for the Indian city of Mumbai) and the ever popular Hollywood (a neighborhood in Los Angeles, California where the American cinema exists). (Bollywood History) Cinema made its first step into the Indian subcontinent in the year 1896 when Lumiere Brothers cinematograph film was screened in the city of Bombay on 7th July, 1986. This day, the concept of cinema was introduced in the Indian subcontinent but the initial silent film â€Å"Raja Harishchandra†(made by Indians totally) was released in 1913 to mark the start of the great Indian cinema. With this film, a trend of mythological and religious films took over the concept of film making in the Indian film Industry and this was further revolutionized in 1931 with the inception of sound in the first talking Indian film â€Å"Alam Ara†. The period after India’s independence was considered to be the golden era of the Indian film industry with respect to the songs, movies, etc made in the Indian film industry, by the 1970s and the 80s era, the Indian film industry had reached a great height and global recognition. In 1992, this global recognition was further enhanced in 19 92 when Satyajit Ray, an Indian filmmaker received a life time achievement Oscar for his excellent work and the
Sunday, August 25, 2019
Virtual Reality Technology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words
Virtual Reality Technology - Essay Example This discussion highlights that virtual reality has been on the public limelight for the last 20 years, the technology has been present for a much longer period. It is believed that virtual reality first existed as early as mid-1800. By that time, the technology was in its most crude form and only occurred as panoramic murals.According to the report findings Furness III made a milestone development when he made further advancements to the already available virtual reality technology. He was able to make a flight simulator for American Air Force. His technology provided a solution, albeit partly, to the problem of overwhelming control systems in the pilot cockpit. Comeau and Bryan working at Philco Corporation made another milestone development by creating a head mouted display, which had a magnetic tracking system to guide the head. It is however worth noting that the first head mounted virtual reality gadget was made by Sutherland by the end of 1960s. Interestingly, this gadget w as so heavy and large that it had to be mounted on the roof while in use. Sutherland is credited with his efforts and contribution to the world of virtual reality and the fact that he was the first person to come up with an augmented reality head-mounted machine. Whereas many scientists were concentrating on the practical aspect, other scientists such as Roberts contributed to the evolution by writing algorithms for making images clearer and more realistic. McGreevy Michael came up with yet more advancements by coming up with the first Virtual Visual Environment Display system. At this stage, the use of computers in virtual reality machines was more prevalent. Lippman Andy made other remarkable fetes in the evolution of virtual reality in 1978 by integrating the processing power of computers in computing the relationship between the user’s image and the virtual graphic objects. Digitization then made it possible to create silhouettes. Fakespace built a telepresence camera, wh ich had advanced 3D with high-resolution imagery. In 1990s, other contributors such as Larry and Andy Wachowski, Silicon graphics and King Stephen made further developments (Burdea & Coiffet, 2003). At present, virtual reality has become autonomy for the modern society. There is a remarkable acceptance for virtual reality as a component or aspect of modern lifestyle. Virtual reality
Saturday, August 24, 2019
Book report for Native American Religious Traditions by Suzanne J Essay
Book report for Native American Religious Traditions by Suzanne J. Crawford - Essay Example Due to their tradition, oral tradition is a way of passing down history, laws, and religion. For an example, the Lakota people tell Ehanni stories to explain creation, or how everything and the world was created. Ohunkakan stories give guidelines on good behavior. Ehanni Wicowoyake relates the stories of Lakota history. In Native American Religious Traditions, Crawford explains how the three tribes focused on for this book use oral tradition uniquely. An example would England and Russia both have literary history, but they way it is written or presented is different. Like with the oral tradition, the Lakota, Dine, and Coast Salish have diverse ceremonial practices. The Lakota has one of the most recognized ceremonial practices of the Sun Dance. The Sun Dance has been portrayed in different movies inaccurately as a ceremony an adolescent man is forced to dance around a pole with needles embedded in his body hooked by string to the pole. Crawford explains the Sun Dance better. The needles are actually bones, the strings are leather thongs, and the pole a tree that never touches the ground specially prepared for the event. After the pole is erected dancing begins at sunrise with the dancers looking at the sun. Anyone can dance with short breaks, but no food or water. This lasts four days. The self-sacrificers prepared during this time. Then male volunteers who wanted something like a cure for a sick relative, tribal purification, and so forth would be pierced in both sides by buffalo bones tied to leather straps. The goal is to get the bone from yo ur body by dancing around the pole. It is a purification ceremony. This and other ceremonies are explained in Crawford’s book. Finally, Crawford looks honestly at a shameful part of American history; the colonization of the Native Americans. All Native Americans encountering European settlers faced the civilization process of Christianity. The Europeans felt
Friday, August 23, 2019
Computer Numerical Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words
Computer Numerical Control - Essay Example Computer Numerical Control (CNC) popularly known as Numerical Control (NC) is the automatic control that is integrated into mechanical tools and equipments used in manufacturing mass products. These automated instructions are abstractly encoded into a program that is used as a language by the tools. These machines were introduced in the 1940s and their gross use was initiated in the 1950s although these did not use the modern computation language that is afforded by computer programs. However, in the modern times, the machines have been well developed so that little man power is needed. End to end designs of the components have been highly developed and the computers have been widely used in their processes and this have included such things as computer language being widely incorporated within the systems that use computer numerical control (Krull, 40). In the production of Padlocks by the Tri-Cycle company the use of the computer numerical control has been assessed and the following results were seen. One of the benefits of the system was that it could be used continuously for twenty fours and this have ensured that the production of the products can be continued continuously without facing any disruptions and hindrances. This is very beneficial to the company because the company can enjoy customer faith because the company ensures that the products are available in the market throughout the year and can meet any kind of demand that could be necessary at any time (Reintjes, 120). It is also beneficial to the company because the company does not need to employ highly skilled personnel to operate the machines. This have ensured that the company does not need to spend a lot of its resources in employing highly skilled personnel and at the same time ensure that the production of the padlocks is continued and also keep the quality of the products high levels. This is very beneficial to the company because while saving on the consumer faith, they also benefit largely to the fact that the system ensures that the products are of high quality and hence very beneficial in the market outlook of the company (Reintjes, 123).
Thursday, August 22, 2019
Business blue print document Essay Example for Free
Business blue print document Essay Recurring payments/deductions infotype (0014) in which you capture the details of periodic/regular earnings or deductions. For Mastek, Indian payroll, they will be Medical Reimbursement, Reimbursement of Books, Leave Without Pay, Guesthouse Deduction, Personal Courier and Personal STD/ISD Phone Call.  Additional payments infotype (0015) in which you capture the details of annual or irregular earnings or deductions. For Mastek, Indian payroll, they will be LTA and Performance Pay.  Contract elements infotype (0016) Monitoring dates infotype (0019)  Family details infotype (0021). Membership fees infotype (0057), which you can also set up to make payments to third-parties in particular cases Cost distribution infotype (0027), which you can also set up to assign the internal order number if the cost of the employee is to go to the internal order number. You can also assign the percentage so that only that percentage of cost goes to the internal order. If this infotype is not maintained or the percentage assigned to the internal order in this infotype is not 100 percent, then the system picks the cost center assignment from infotype 0001 to attach the cost. Personnel IDs infotype (0185) These infotypes have been modified to handle Indian requirements. India-specific infotypes containing payment information: These infotypes have been created for India payroll only:  Previous employment tax details infotype (0580)  Housing (HRA/CLA/COA) infotype (0581)  Exemptions infotype (0582)  Car Conveyance infotype (0583)  Income from other sources infotype (0584)  Section 80 deductions infotype (0585)  Investment details (Section 88) infotype (0586)  Provident fund contribution infotype (0587). Other statutory deductions infotype (0588)  Long term reimbursements infotype (0590) * Nominations infotype (0591) 1. 7 POSTING TO ACCOUNTING Purpose Reporting for posting payroll results to Accounting, otherwise known as posting to Accounting, is a subsequent activity that is carried out after a successful payroll run. It usually takes place for each payroll period. During posting to Accounting, all posting data for the payroll results is selected, summarized, formatted, and then posted to the integrated components in Accounting. You can also archive the data created in posting to Accounting. Integration Different R/3 components are involved in posting to Accounting, and these components have different data requirements:  Payroll (PY)  Financial Accounting (FI)  General Ledger Accounting (FI-GL)  Accounts Payable (FI-AP)  Accounts Receivable (FI-AR)  Special Ledger (FI-SL)  Controlling (CO) INTEGRATION OF THE COMPONENTS IN POSTING TO ACCOUNTING Payroll (HR) The principal organizational concept in Payroll is the wage type. A wage type classifies personnel expenses according to tax, insurance, labour legislation, pay scales and other operational characteristics. In Payroll, wage types are also used for saving additional information in the payroll results, for example, in the form of cumulation wage types (total gross amount or gross tax amount), or in the form of wage types for other important amounts (statutory net pay or transfer amount). The organizational assignments valid for all periods are also created within Payroll as well as special cost assignments, and the wage types are assigned to this information. During payroll, additional wage types are created to provide data for cost accounting and these are saved in the payroll results, for example, the portion of the wage that is not applicable on public holidays. Financial Accounting (FI) Financial Accounting is responsible for the flow of payments. The payment flows are posted to particular accounts depending on the type or identity of the receiver, and on the due date of the payment. Cost Accounting (CO) Cost Accounting splits the costs according to the type (cost type = G/L account) and assigns them to cost centers or to other cost assignment objects (additional account assignment). Posting to accounting allows you to post costs to the following account assignment objects:  Position in customer order Implementation Considerations To ensure that the process of posting to accounting is completed successfully and without problems, please make the following settings: Customize the components involved (wage types, accounts, other account assignment objects)  Customize Reporting for posting to Accounting. The individual components involved in posting to Accounting can be organized as follows:  All components are in the same clients of the R/3 System.  The accounting components are in a different system to the Payroll application component. This could be a different R/3 System, an R/2 System, or a third-party system. If the individual components are distributed in various systems, see setting up Posting to accounting.  Reporting for posting payroll results to Accounting  Posting documents In Customizing for Cross-Application Components under Scenarios Posting payroll results to Accounting. Features Posting to Accounting allows you to perform the following functions:  Post retroactive accounting runs Pension Fund report for exempted Trusts (Though this is not applicable for Mastek, this is for the information only): 1. Form 4 Return of members leaving service 2. Form 5E Return of the members leaving service during the month 3. Form 6 Statement of contributions for the month ESI Reports 1. Form 6 2. Form 7 These reports are generated every half-year, in the months of October and April for the preceding contribution period. Professional Tax (PTax) Reports Payroll-India caters to the PTax Reports for the following states: 1. Andhra Pradesh (Monthly) Not applicable for Mastek 2. Gujarat (Monthly) Not applicable for Mastek 3. Karnataka (Monthly) Applicable for Mastek 4. Maharashtra (Monthly) Applicable for Mastek 5. West Bengal (Monthly) Applicable for Mastek 6. Tamil Nadu (Half-Yearly) Applicable for Mastek 7. Madhya Pradesh (Annual) Not applicable for Mastek These reports are to be generated at the relevant frequency for those states where PTax is applicable. The selection screen captures the following information: 1. The PTax report can be generated for a PTax grouping created for the Personnel Subarea. 2. The report is printed in the relevant format for each state as applicable and for those employees for whom the PTax and return is applicable. Labour Welfare Fund Reports Payroll-India caters to Labour Welfare Fund reports for the following states: 1. Gujarat (Half-Yearly) Not applicable for Mastek 2. Using the standard SAP ADP link the gross payroll results shall be uploaded to ADP for the final processing. The SAP US Payroll allows MSI to process payroll for employees in the United States, using data from SAP Personnel Administration and Benefits under a wide variety of configurations. The SAP Payroll system also offers a number of standard payroll reports. The Tax Reporter component will allow MSI to generate all required state and federal tax forms, such as SUI reports and W-2s. Further reports can be generated using Ad Hoc Query in conjunction with an SAP Payroll Infotype. However bulk of MSI requirements for legal reporting etc shall be met by ADP as the net payroll processing will be in their domain. Integration The Payroll component is integrated with other SAP HR components, such as Personnel Administration and Benefits. There are also interfaces to other SAP modules such as Financial Accounting and Controlling. 2. 1 COMPENSATION FOR USA PAY SCALE TYPE During the discussions it was realized that across Mastek Group, the compensation paid to the employees is divided into the following classifications: 1. Technical Professional 2. Technical Semi-professional 3. Non-Technical Professional 4. Non-technical Semi-professional 5. Others Professional 6. Others Non-professional The same will be configured as the Pay Scale Types in the SAP R/3 system. PAY SCALE AREA The Pay Scale Area will remain same as we have defined our Personnel Areas. Therefore the following will be the Pay Scale Areas in the SAP R/3 system: 1. Santa Clara 2. Dallas PAYROLL AREA PAYROLL PERIOD In MSI, a semi monthly payroll period shall be used for running the payroll. Hence the payroll area defined in the SAP R/3 system for MSI is: 02 Semi Monthly USA PAY SCALE GROUP The Pay Scale Group will be in terms of grades in the organization. The list of Pay Scale Group that is to be customized as under: 1. T2 2. T3 3. G2 4. G3 5. G4 6. G6 7. G8 8. G10 9. G12 10. G14 11. G16 12. G18 13. G20 14. Project Trainee 15. Temporary PAY SCALE LEVEL There is no sub-classification of Pay Scale Groups, which can be mapped to the Pay Scale Level. At Mastek the salaries are defined in terms of Total Annual Gross (TAG) and then the money is divided into the various wage types of the employee. For the purpose of customization, one Pay Scale Level will be defined For the US compensation, Dallas has been taken as base location. The location is also considered for the US compensation package. To start the compensation review, first Mastek has to map the US Grades with the Indian Grades. The US Grades are as follows: D2 D1 C2 C1 B2 B1 A2 A1 How they are mapped: Indian Grade US Grade G4 D2 G6 D1 G8 C2 G10 C1, B2 G12 B1 G14 A2 G16 A1 The salary survey is done by an external agency and the salaries are fixed based on that. There are four major heads under which the salary is fixed for the review: 1. Base Salary 2. Location Allowance 3. Skills 4. Performance Pay NOTE: MASTEK has decided that Indian grades shall be applicable globally and the US grades shall be mapped to equivalent Indian grades. However MASTEK is yet to provide the mapped list of grades for the same. The Reviewed salary is paid as Base salary and the relevant amounts are paid under the other heads. Thus the salaries are finalized for each and every employee in USA. It is to be noted that the salary survey report is Grade based in USA. As Dallas is taken as Base location, the amount for Location Allowance is fixed on the basis of the location the employee is scheduled to work in. For finalizing the location allowance the following factors are taken into account: 1. Accommodation Cost, 2. Transportation Cost, 3. Tax Rate, and 4. Food Cost. All this is relevant to the Indian employees who visit USA from India. There is no information available as to how the compensation review takes place for the US nationals in USA. 2. 2 USA SPECIFIC BENEFITS ADMINISTRATION COBRA COBRA stands for the Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985. It requires the vast majority of employers to offer continuation of coverage to covered employee and their dependents who, due to certain COBRA qualifying events, lose group health plan coverage. Infotype 0211 COBRA Qualified Beneficiary Infotype 0212 COBRA Health Plan Infotype 0270 COBRA Payments MSI pays 100% for its employees health insurance premiums. Employees dependents are eligible to participate in the same health insurance, however its the employees responsibility to pay the premium costs. Anthem Health provides both Medical and Dental insurance for MSI employees and their dependents. LIFE INSURANCE MSI provides life death and dismemberment insurance coverage for all of its employees through UNUM Life Insurance Company effective from the date of joining MSI. The beneficiary will receive two times the employees annual base salary. 401 K PLAN All employees are eligible for this plan MSI does not make any contributions to this plan Employee can contribute up to 25% to a maximum of USD 10,000 per calendar year. CAFETARIA PLAN Also known as Section 125 Plan. Employees can pay for medical and dependent care expenses with Pre Tax Dollars to avail of tax benefit under this plan. Employees may choose to have designated amount of their income directed towards this plan. This is solely and employee contributed benefit. 2. 3 STANDARD SAP US PAYROLL FEATURES SAP Payroll allows MSI to run payroll for employees in all states. Requisite statutory reports, such as Federal forms 940, W-2, W-3, and all state SUI forms are also supported by the SAP system. Payroll does not just involve the calculation of remuneration, but consists of a variety of processes that are becoming increasingly important due to the employers increased obligation to supply benefits and medical welfare. You can also control the financial system of third-party providers. The System calculates the gross and net pay, which comprises the individual payments and deductions that are calculated during a payroll period, and are received by an employee. These payments and deductions are included in the calculation of the remuneration using different wage types. However, since MSI has out sourced its net payroll processing to a third party called ADP. Hence only the gross payroll shall be run and an interface shall be provided to send data to ADP for net payroll processing and deduction of Taxes etc. After the remuneration payroll you can carry out various subsequent activities, for example, you can see to remuneration payment or the creation of various lists, and make evaluations. The Gross Payroll component processes employee master data from SAP Personnel Administration and generates wage types and amounts to be used by the Net Payroll component, or to be exported to a third-party product for net calculation. Pre-tax deductions and earnings are processed within the Gross Payroll component. Integration. The Gross Payroll component is closely integrated with the SAP Personnel Administration and SAP Benefits components Payroll in Dialog Mode Purpose The payroll program is run at a specific point in time, not only to calculate an employees basic remuneration but also any special payments, overtime payments or bonuses that must be effected for the period in question. You can follow the procedure of payroll directly in dialog mode. Payroll in dialog mode is particularly suited to simulate a payroll run for an individual payroll area or individual personnel numbers. Payroll in a Background Operation Use When you have checked all the settings for the payroll run, and have tested the run in a simulation run, you can perform the payroll run in a background job. Off-Cycle Activities Purpose As an addition to regular payroll, which carries out payroll at fixed regular intervals, this function enables you to carry out specific off-cycle payroll activities for individual employees on any day. You can issue a check to replace payments that were originally made to an employee by check or by transfer but which the employee did not receive, or if the check is in an unusable condition (for example, torn). You can reverse payroll results that were created by a regular or off-cycle payroll run. You can enter a check number into the system retrospectively for a payroll result for which you have already issued a check manually. 2. 4 MSI US PAYROLL GROSS PROCESSING Purpose The Gross Payroll component processes employee master data from SAP Personnel Administration and generates wage types and amounts to be used by the Net Payroll component, or to be exported to a third-party product for net calculation. Pre-tax deductions and earnings are processed within the Gross Payroll component. Integration The Gross Payroll component is closely integrated with the SAP Personnel Administration and SAP Benefits components Payments The individual payments form the basis for the calculation of an employees gross remuneration, which is the core part of payroll. Gross remuneration is the starting point for the calculation of social insurance and tax payments, and also for the calculation of net remuneration. Structure In the R/3 System, payments are split into the following categories according to their characteristics: Basic pay. Basic pay consists of the fixed wage and salary elements that are paid in every payroll period. You enter them in the form of wage types in the basic pay (0008) infotype. Recurring payments and deductions Recurring payments and deductions are paid or retained with fixed frequency. The system determined the payments using factors such as overtime, leave or substitutions. The wage types that illustrate these factors are entered in the recurring payments and deductions (0014) infotype. In the processing stage the system uses the Customizing settings representing the collective agreement.  Additional Payments. Additional payments are remuneration elements that are not usually paid in each payroll period, and that are not paid at regular intervals. You enter them in the Additional Payments (0015) infotype. Benefits Integration to Payroll Purpose Users of the R/3 Benefits component can use Benefits Integration to streamline the payroll calculation process for their employees. The Benefits Integration component allows benefits-related deductions and contributions entered in master data to be processed during net payroll processing. Integration This component integrates the Payroll component with the Benefits component. Deduction and contribution amounts can be remitted to benefits providers using functionality from the Third Party Remittance component. 2. 5 THE PAYROLL PROCESS 2. 6 US PAYROLL REPORTING Introduction The R/3 HR Payroll System provides all regulatory and tax reports required by U. S. federal and state law, such as SUI reports for state unemployment agencies, W-2 reports for the federal and state governments, and the Multiple Worksite Report for the Bureau of Labor Statistics. Additional payroll reports are available for other business purposes, such as the New Hire Report. These reports allow efficient evaluation of payroll data and ensure compliance with government regulations. Integration Payroll reports access information from all HR Infotypes and evaluate data from HR Time Management and HR Organizational Management as well as HR Personnel Administration. Features R/3 Payroll offers numerous internal and regulatory reports, including: New Hire Reporting Tax Reporter for federal and state reports Law requires companies to report the results of their payroll calculation to several tax authorities, including the federal government and many state and local governments. This component enables you to produce regulatory reports for government authorities in the format required by each authority. Reports that Tax Reporter supports include Form 940 Employers Annual Federal Unemployment Tax Return, Form 941 Employers Quarterly Federal Tax Return, Form W-2 Wage and Tax Statement, the 1099-R form and the Multiple Worksite Report. NOTE:-In case of MASTEK the above reports may be provided by ADP since ADP shall be responsible for running net payroll and doing all calculations and deductions for the same.
Wednesday, August 21, 2019
Coles Sales Promotion Essay Example for Free
Coles Sales Promotion Essay Pacific managing director of Nielsen Consumer Group, said â€Å"It’s no surprise that consumers are increasingly concerned about their household budgets in response to such fluctuating economic conditions, and the cost-saving strategies currently being employed by consumers are likely to continue well into the year. †(Jessica Kennedy,2011) Due to the rising concern of the current unstable economic condition in Australia, the people have developed a tendency to save or spend only what is necessary. There is also a concern for the rising food and fuel prices and more and more people are looking for good deals and bargains for the basic necessities required to run a household. If this holds true to the working population then this will hold true even more to the student population in Australia who perhaps only have a part time job and live on a fixed budget. Market analysis: The student population contributes a lot to the economy of Australia. In 2008, the total tertiary student community in Melbourne was around 208,800 people and international tertiary student population numbering was at least 28,150 (Melbourne City Research, 2010). These numbers have steadily risen in the past years and will continue to do so. From this situation analysis, it can be derived that it would be a successful venture if fresh and frozen fruits and vegetables were offered at a discounted price by Coles to students in Melbourne for a limited period of time. And if the response is successful in Melbourne it can be an option to expand to other cities as well. Sales promotion pitch: Offering a 15% discount to students from the 1s of July to the 31st of July on all of Coles’ fresh and frozen fruits and vegetable line. SWOT analysis : Strengths: The current economic condition will help the response to a sale if it is held. It will attract the customers and increase revenue. It is also a healthy campaign as fruits and vegetables are being offered at a discount to students to encourage them to eat healthier and will boost the image of Coles. Weaknesses: The risk that the response may not be as enthusiastic as predicted from the target audience. Also that it is targeting a very specific segment of the market and that can be risky to the campaign if the response is not as predicted. Opportunities: The option to hold this sale every half year or more frequently if response is good and also in a larger number of cities. Threats: Competitors like Woolworths and Aldi may also put their items on sale to compete with Coles. Target Segment Demographics: Treating the market as heterogeneous, as all the people of Melbourne are not being targeted and they don’t have similar wants, the target profile for the campaign would look like the following : * Age| * Late teens and above| * Gender| * Male and female| Geographic area| * Melbourne| * Occupation| * Students| * Household size| * Living alone or with housemates| * Lifestyle and Habits| * Lives on a budget, tends to look for the most reasonable prices, prioritizes saving and has a slightly more healthy lifestyle. | The typical profile of the segment being targeted would be a College student who Lives alone or with housemates or in a dorm and who purchases their own groceries. Within th e target audience there will be different views and attitudes about fruits and vegetables. The types of opinions are usually four in kind. They are: * The appreciators: will be the portion of the target market that like eating healthy and enjoy eating lots of fruits and vegetables. These people may be more health conscious and aware of the fact that fruits and vegetables are a very important part of the diet. â€Å" I love fruits and vegetables! They are a part of almost all of my meals for the day†* The acceptors: are the segment of students that eat a moderate amount of fruits and vegetables but also prefer meats and other food items. I like fruits and vegetables but I don’t like including them in all my meals, I prefer meat†* The resistors: this segment is not very fond of fruits and vegetables but eat them on occasion. â€Å"fruits and vegetables are ok but I would rather eat something else†* The rejecters: This portion of students is strongly against adding fruits or vegetables to their daily meals and would most definitely eat other foods instead. Insert refrence pg. 206 One of the purposes of the campaign is to try and get the percentage of the resistors and the rejecters to convert to either the acceptors or the appreciators. Time frame: The promotion will last for one month. Starting July 1st and ending July 31st. The duration chosen is during the offseason period where there are no big sales held otherwise. This will make it easier to persuade the target market to purchase their groceries at Coles as it will be cheaper to do so. It gives them an incentive to buy. 20 specimen subjects from Chisholm College that fit the target profile completed a survey about why they picked a particular store over another. Four fixed options were asked and the results were as follows: More than half, i. e 11 people out of 20, said that the main reason they choose a store was because of its low prices. 6 people said they choose a store according to how conveniently it’s located, 2 said it was because of loyalty to the store and 1 said because of good customer service. This further emphasizes the fact that if a sales promotion was held, the response would be enthusiastic and the campaign would be successful. Main Objective: * Increasing the sales of fresh, frozen and canned fruits and vegetables by 5 to 10 percent in the month of July. Initially only in Melbourne with an option to expand to other cities if the response is positive. Additional objectives: * Enhance customer loyalty * Create new customers * To reinforce brand advertising * Encouraging students to eat healthier Perception – achieve at least a 65% increase in awareness of the sales promotion in the first week Cognition – Achieve recall of discount period at Coles by at least 80% of the students in Melbourne Persuasion – Make the target audience want to go to Coles for their groceries rather than its competitors Emotion – Induce humor and fun through the advertisement Association – Associate Coles with the most reasonable prices and quality goods Behavior – Persuade at least 3% of the customers that shop at Woolworths, Aldi and other competitors to switch over to Coles Approach: The type of approach to be used for this promotion is the emotional approach and a soft sell strategy. Humor will be used a medium in the advertisement to allow students to relate to the campaign easily and for retention of the message to create the need to buy fruits and vegetables at Coles. An anonymous survey was conducted using 20 students in Chisholm College that fit the target audience. They were asked to state what kinds of advertisements they remembered the easiest out of a given three choices. Out of 20 students, 15 said humorous advertisements were the easiest to remember, 2 said informative and 3 said shock advertising. Pull promotional strategy: ‘ In a pull strategy, the manufacturer directs the majority of its promotional effort towards the ultimate consumer in an attempt to get them to pull the products through the marketing channel. ’ (McColl Kennedy, JR, 1994) A pull promotional strategy creates a high degree of awareness amongst consumers and implants a desire and an interest for the product. This makes the customers to go to the retail store with the determination to find the product to purchase it and if it is not available they urge the retailer to stock up on it. This is the strategy that Coles is aiming at following as the message will be sent directly to the ultimate consumers who are in this case the students, urging them to purchase frozen, fresh and canned fruits and vegetables. And when the demand exceeds the supply, it will cause the Coles retail stores to urge the wholesalers and other links in the product chain to acquire the product causing a pulling effect through the marketing channel. Communication: In order to inform the potential customers about the promotion, effective and efficient advertising must be carried out. The use of Television, the internet, newspapers and magazines help in doing so. Since the target market is only students, it would also be productive to display the advertisements on social networking sites on the internet. To further reach students fliers can be put up on the notice boards and in the college magazines. Point of purchase displays also helps as it improves in store branding and keeps the customer informed. Having sales signs near the product also can lead to impulse buying. The key message sent out here would be that it is cheaper to buy your groceries at Coles than at any other supermarket. Eliciting the desired response: The main reason for fierce advertising and promotions is due to the reason that the sales promotion will be carried out for one month only. During this time period, Coles seeks to attract as many customers as possible to their stores in Melbourne. It is true that the potential customers go through a behavioral or psychological process before purchasing a product called a response hierarchy. The Coles advertisements and promotions seek to fulfill all the steps in this hierarchy chain.
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